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VL-BUS, a 32-bit bus which allows bus mastering, and uses two cycles to transfers a 32-
bit word, peaking at 66 Mb/sec. It also supports burst mode, where a single address cycle
precedes four data cycles, meaning that 4 32-bit words can move in only 5 cycles, as
opposed to 8, giving 105 Mb/sec at 33 MHz. The speed is mainly obtained by allowing
VL-Bus adapter cards first choice at intercepting CPU cycles. It's not designed to cope
with more than a certain number of cards at particular speeds; e.g. 3 at 33, 2 at 40 and
only 1 at 50 MHz, and even that often needs a wait state inserted. VL-Bus 2 is 64-bit,
yielding 320 Mb/sec at 50 MHz. There are two types of slot; Master and Slave. Master
boards (e.g. SCSI controllers) have their own CPUs which can do their own things; slaves
(i.e. video cards) don't. A salve board will work on a master slot, but not vice versa.
PCI, which is a mezzanine bus, divorced from the CPU, giving it some independence and
the ability to cope with more devices, so it's more suited to cross-platform work. It is time
multiplexed, meaning that address and data lines share connections. It has its own burst
mode that allows 1 address cycle to be followed by as many data cycles as system
overheads allow. At nearly 1 word per cycle, the potential is 264 Mb/sec. It can operate
up to 33 MHz, or 66 MHz with PCI 2.1 and can transfer data at 32 bits per clock cycle so
you can get up to 132 Mbytes/sec (264 with 2.1). Each PCI card can perform up to 8
functions, and you can have more than one busmastering card on the bus. It should be
noted, though, that many functions are not available with PCI, such as sound. Not yet,
anyway. It is part of the plug and play standard, assuming your operating system and
BIOS agree, so it is auto configuring (although some cards use jumpers instead of storing
information in a chip); it will also share interrupts under the same circumstances. The
PCI chipset handles transactions between cards and the rest of the system, and allows
other buses to be bridged to it (typically and ISA bus to allow older cards to be used). Not
all of them are equal, though; certain features, such as byte merging, may be absent. The
connector may vary according to the voltage the card uses (3.3 or 5v; some cards can
cope with both).
Motherboard
** Hardware Guide Home **
The motherboard is the foundation of any PC. All the critical subsystems, including the
CPU, system chipset, memory, system I/O, expansion bus, and other critical components
run directly off the motherboard. Likewise, the interconnections among these components
are laid into the motherboard itself.
The mainboard is possibly the most important part of the computer. It manages all
transactions of data between CPU and the peripherals. It houses the CPU and its second
level cache, the chipset, the BIOS, main memory, I/O chips, ports for keyboard, serial
I/O, parallel I/O ,disks and plug-in cards.
The first decision you have to make before buying a motherboard is nowadays which
CPU and then which chipset you're gonna use and which motherboard to choose. There's
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